MORPHOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE CEREBELLUM AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF SYSTEMIC SOMATIC PATHOLOGY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/3083-7324/2025.2.6Keywords:
cerebellum, morphology, somatic pathology, cortical atrophy, neurodegenera- tion, chronic kidney disease, microcirculation, microglia.Abstract
The cerebellum is one of the most structurally and functionally complex regions of the central nervous system and demonstrates high sensitivity to systemic somatic pathology. The aim of this review was to summarize current data on morphological and functional chang- es in the cerebellum under chronic diseases of internal organs. The analysis was based on scientific publications from 2010 to 2025 found in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using keywords related to cerebellar morphology and systemic disorders. It was established that chronic kidney disease in children and adults is accompanied by cerebel- lar atrophy, reduced gray matter volume, impaired perfusion, and neurocognitive alterations associated with structural disorganization of Purkinje cells and the granular layer. Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus lead to cortical atrophy, axonal loss, and microvas- cular injury due to oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and vascular-inflammatory reactions. Chronic liver diseases cause accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites, activation of microglia and astrocytes, and a reduction in dendritic spine density. Intestinal microbiota disturbances initiate neuroinflammatory and degenerative processes, including apoptosis of Purkinje cells, alterations in the ultrastructure of synapses and glial tissue. Systemic diseases also induce remodeling of the cerebellar microcirculatory bed, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, fibro- sis, and deficient myelination. The combination of these processes impairs synaptic plasticity, intercellular communication, and the coordination, regulatory, and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. The obtained data indicate a significant role of somatic pathology as a trigger of cerebellar neurodegeneration and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis of central nervous system involvement.
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